The Detection of Abnormal Behavior in Healthcare IoT Using IDS, CNN, and SVM

Health care is always a top priority, and that has not changed no matter how far we have come in terms of technology. Since the coronavirus epidemic broke out, almost every country has made health care a top priority. Therefore, the best way to deal with the coronavirus pandemic and other urgent health problems is through the use of IoHT. The tremendous growth of IoT devices and networks especially in the healthcare domain generates massive amounts of data, necessitating careful authentication and security. Other domains include agriculture, smart homes, industry, etc. These massive data streams can be evaluated to determine undesirable patterns. It has the potential to reduce functional risks, avoid problems that are not visible, and eliminate system downtime. Past systematic and comprehensive reviews have significantly aided the field of cybersecurity. However, this research focuses on IoT issues relating to the medical or healthcare domain, using the systematic literature review method. The current literature in health care is not enough to analyze the anomaly of IoHT. This research has revealed that fact. In our subsequent work, we will discuss the architecture of IoHT and use AI techniques such as CNN and SVM to detect intrusions in IoHT. In the interest of advancing scientific knowledge, this study identifies and suggests potential new lines of inquiry that may be pursued in this area of study. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

A Comprehensive Review on Access Control Systems amid Global Pandemic

In the contemporary time of technology, security is the utmost concern for every building automation system. Access Control Systems are the backbone of any security system being employed in any intelligent building, and can be operated in a biometric or non-biometric manner. There are various types of recognition systems available, depending upon the required level of safety and security. The ongoing pandemic has challenged and tested Access Control System in many aspects.This paper aims to review the various forms of access control systems and their viability in the context of COVID-19. It is found that some access control solutions fail to provide the required security during this global epidemic due to their contact-based operations. So, in the midst of the worldwide pandemic, a realistic integrated electronic access control system can be designed to meet the requirements of users. © 2022 IEEE.

Use of Blockchain Technology to Protect Privacy in Electronic Health Records- A Review

Patients' medical files are electronically preserved and accessible through a network such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Numerous opportunities exist for EHRs to enhance patient care, clinical practice performance indicators, and potential future clinical research contributions. The techniques used to preserve EHRs have proved incredibly unsafe in the contemporary era of smart homes and urban areas. Data can be easily accessed by hackers and unauthorized third parties. Furthermore, the data is not accessible to patients or healthcare practitioners. These plans cannot balance the accessibility and security of the data. But with blockchain, these issues can be resolved. Any application created utilizing blockchain technology is secure and inaccessible to unauthorized parties thanks to the three critical characteristics of the technology: Security, Decentralization, and Transparency. In a blockchain network, it is nearly difficult to manipulate data. This research work utilizes blockchain technology to deploy EHRs and improve their security and privacy. With its decentralized structure and cryptographic techniques, blockchain technology will maintain control over who gets access to information. Furthermore, it will maintain a balance between accessing data and privacy. The advanced aspects of the EHR system are handled by this research using smart contracts. The comprehensive healthcare management solution across a network can incorporate several sectors, such as billing and transportation. A website program can be combined with it to increase interactivity. By adding pharmacists to the system as a participant, EHRs can help them track medical sales. © 2023 IEEE.

Data-driven predictive control for smart HVAC system in IoT-integrated buildings with time-series forecasting and reinforcement learning

Optimising HVAC operations towards human wellness and energy efficiency is a major challenge for smart facilities management, especially amid COVID situations. Although IoT sensors and deep learning were applied to support HVAC operations, the loss of forecasting accuracy in recursive prediction largely hinders their applications. This study presents a data-driven predictive control method with time-series forecasting (TSF) and reinforcement learning (RL), to examine various sensor metadata for HVAC system optimisation. This involves the development and validation of 16 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based architectures with bi-directional processing, convolution, and attention mechanisms. The TSF models are comprehensively evaluated under independent, short-term recursive, and long-term recursive prediction scenarios. The optimal TSF models are integrated with a Soft Actor-Critic RL agent to analyse sensor metadata and optimise HVAC operations, achieving 17.4% energy savings and 16.9% thermal comfort improvement in the surrogate environment. The results show that recursive prediction leads to a significant reduction in model accuracy, and the effect is more pronounced in the temperature-humidity prediction model. The attention mechanism significantly improves prediction performance in both recursive and independent prediction scenarios. This study contributes new data-driven methods for smart HVAC operations in IoT-enabled intelligent buildings towards a human-centric built environment. © 2023 The Authors

Amazon Echo Show as a Multimodal Human-To-Human Care Support Tool within Self-Isolating Older UK Households

Although the use of voice assistants to support older adults at home shows promise, little is known about how the next generation of these devices, which also include displays, can support health and care needs. This question has become more important during COVID-19, when issues of social isolation for older adults have been exacerbated. During social distancing measures in the UK, eleven older adult households (16 participants) were interviewed before receiving an Amazon Echo Show, shortly after receiving it, and after three months of use. We identify ways in which this multi-modal device is used by people in social isolation to support social, care, and information needs in the home. We frame these findings within the growing research area of smart homes for health and care, and provide implications for the adoption, use and acceptance of these devices to support aging in place together. © 2022 ACM.

optimizing Security based on Face Recognition in Small Spaces

In the current pandemic, which started on last 2020, there are many limitations we should do for reducing the spread of the virus named covid19. Keeping the distance from others is the way to prevent infected covid19. Contactless technology should be developed further, for example, in this paper. Access Control System by Face recognition and Biometrics is one reason to be developed. OpenCV is a tool that will use to build face recognition. This system is only intended for small office areas or smart homes. Currently, only five registered users. The data registration process is carried out outside the system or only loads an algorithm model. This system will also provide information on social media, Whatsapp, if a known person enters the room or an unknown person. © 2022 IEEE.

The future of work, workplaces and smart buildings

This paper presents a discussion on how smart buildings and technologies currently and will continue to contribute to the future of work and workplaces. In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, a hybrid way of working has emerged and physical office spaces are becoming more a space for collaboration, innovation and interactions, which can be facilitated by the use of smart technologies. An analysis of the 15 highest-scoring smart buildings through the Smart Building Certification process highlights key trends in the smartest buildings as they contribute to the future of work and a hybrid way of working: increased flexibility, emphasis on user experience including indoor environmental quality and safety, and an overall drive towards sustainability. The shift towards smarter buildings also offers an opportunity to study the impacts of smart technologies on key performance aspects of the buildings and the building occupants. © 2022 ACM.

RFID-based Multi-purpose Smart Post Boxes in Smart Cities

In IoT (Internet of Things), the concept of a Smart City integrates technologies and physical devices in various fields of deployment. One such instance is logistics. With the increasing popularity and need for online shopping, the e-commerce sector is growing-which goes hand in hand with the logistics industry. The logistics industry keeps growing and is gaining more and more importance-and so do the delivery solutions in the last-mile part of the logistics chain. The last-mile delivery offers a lot of possibilities for new and complexly integrated smart solutions. We propose a new solution for smart delivery services on the last mile. We call it a Smart Post Box. This concept combines various elements and creates a multi-purpose smart city solution that can be easily integrated into different systems. It introduces new ways to receive and send packages, integrates as a part of a smart household, sends notifications, and can be used to collect valuable data. During the current coronavirus outbreak, this solution would prove to be useful in reducing interpersonal contact and thus help eliminate the transfer of the disease. Our calculations show great potential for such innovation. © 2022 IEEE.

A Participatory Design Methodology to Elicit Aging- in-Place Stakeholder Concerns with Ambient Assistive Living (AAL) Devices During COVID-19

For varying reasons, our world is experiencing increasing life expectancies and decreasing birth rates, which has led to a generational shift in population distribution. The Government of Canada predicts that in the year 2030, over 9.5 million (23%) Canadians will be 65 years or older. For this growing demographic of older adults, intelligent home health technologies have been proposed as one beneficial avenue to support and maintain an individual's health and wellness as they begin experiencing aging-related health effects. However, many ethical concerns have been raised regarding the design and deployment of intelligent home healthcare technologies in aging- in-place settings such as long-term care and nursing homes. This paper presents a revised participatory design methodology to identify aging-in-place stakeholders' ethical concerns with two Ambient Assistive Living (AAL) devices. The main objective of this paper is to develop and test a participatory design research method that is well suited for older adults living in long-term care settings, which is currently lacking. Developed by an interdisciplinary team of engineers and social science researchers, this paper presents the participatory method that was designed and tested in a long-term care facility by collaborating with a mix of aging-in-place stakeholders, including older adults and healthcare professionals. By interweaving interactive activities, hand-written tasks, and discussions throughout the data collection process, the methodology successfully identified stakeholders' ethical concerns with the devices. © 2022 IEEE.

The Prototype of Healthy Smart Building Based on Google Assistant

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses from the subfamily Orthocronavirinae in the Coronaviridae family and the order Nidovirales. In general, the transmission of this virus occurs through droplets or body fluids splashed on someone or objects around them within 1-2 meters' distance away through coughing and sneezing. Office buildings, cafes, and shopping areas are one of the clusters for spreading the coronavirus because the following places lack awareness of health protocols. This research will create a healthy and Smart Building system where this system consists of two devices from the following problems. The first device is a health procedures checker system where using an ultrasonic sensor as an automatic switch can provide a hand sanitizer as the first step to kill viruses. The GY609 sensor is used, which can measure the temperature of visitors without touching it. The second system is the Smart Switch;the doors and lights can control using voice using google assistant to minimize the doorknob's touch or the light switch. The healthy and Smart building test results are for the intelligent, healthy procedures system, 3-7 cm is the optimal distance from the hand to the sensor, 5cm is the distance from the hand to the temperature sensor, and the motor working time is 1 second. For the Smart switches, the recommended network system is 3G, 4G, or Wi-Fi to avoid excessive delays. © 2022 IEEE.

Designing after COVID-19: Strategies for the evaluation, monitoring and control of indoor air quality

The speech presents urban and domestic living and how these have been modified by the new needs, concerns and fears connected to the most recent global pandemic. The contribution highlights how urban and domestic dimensions are key elements of our existence and resistance. The present contribution aim to explore the assessment of "Indoor Environmental Quality"in the living space. The issue of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) is highly underestimated in relation to the magnitude of the potential consequences on the healthiness of inhabited spaces. Today, the health effects associated with poor air quality in buildings are well known and classified, such as the Sick Building Syndrome, a symptomatic picture that occurs in many occupants of homes, offices, schools, hospitals, etc. equipped with mechanical ventilation systems and global air conditioning. A condition of adequate IAQ is absolutely achievable in new buildings, given the possibility of selecting appropriate materials, furnishings and technical systems, as well as design according to criteria of ventilation, hygrometric control and air quality of passive type.Greater difficulties are found on the built, where the options for intervention are complex and often related to significant economic burden. In these cases, a careful evaluation of the boundary conditions is necessary, in order to understand which problems can be solved with simple technical-design measures and which ones instead require substantial interventions, but which cannot be ignored if the polluting factor is particularly dangerous. The speach - also thanks to a wide comparative examination of studies, technical norms and international projects - provides an adequate knowledge of the problem as well as the tools for the evaluation of the different options and technical solutions able to guarantee the control through design choices in order to the specific material-constitutive characteristics and physical structure of the confined environment. © 2022 IEEE.

IoT-Based Home Automation System with Covid-19 Detector

As the advancement in technology continues to increase, systems also need to be upgraded to meet new trends and solve developing problems. Existing systems of home automation generally focus on energy management, security, and comfort. These smart homes would be more efficient if they can also perform health diagnoses. In this paper, a cost-effective IoT-based home automation system that performs the function of energy conservation, smart security, and disease detection is designed. The system uses the NodeMCU ESP8266 IoT board with its in-built Wi-Fi shield, eliminating the need to acquire a separate Wi-Fi module. The NodeMCU is interfaced with the user's android device where the connected loads on the relay modules are controlled thus enabling the system to control home appliances via an android application. The ESP8266 is also connected to a PIR sensor that checks for motion and triggers an alarm when motion is detected and connected to a contactless temperature sensor that measures the body temperature of anyone and sends the readings to the display while also triggering an alarm if the temperature is above normal indicating the sign of illness or diseases such as coronavirus, high fever, influenza. This paper presents a design of a simple system that not only assists the user to control his home appliances, conserve energy, and improve home security but also helps to protect the user from allowing covid-19-infected persons into their home. © 2022 IEEE.

Using AI as a support tool for bridging construction informal sector mechanisms to sustainable development requirements

Over 85% of Cameroonians use building informal sector mechanisms which involve a disorganized and varied workforce, types and qualities of materials from various origins with unclear supply networks, supported by a wide range of funding sources. Although previous work enabled us to master these mechanisms, their complexity is accentuated by sustainable development requirements and sanitary measures. Sustainability concept deals with fields to respond to social, economic and environmental challenges but its operationality in building encounters many difficulties due to informal mechanisms complexity. Dealing with this environment recommend taking advantage of Building Information Modeling, especially the assets of artificial intelligence (AI) to get appropriate, rapid, and diversified assistance. In this paper, we propose a concept of intelligent building sites management combining knowledge base, information system capitalizing on previous best practices and achievements to organize several construction sites in real-time with all requirements including those of SD goals and covid-19. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Post-Pandemic HVAC Systems Strategies For High-Rise Office Buildings

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on building design and strategy will be as revolutionary as the rise of the first skyscraper. COVID-19 and potential future pandemics have forever changed the design approach and methodology for high-rise office buildings. Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) operational changes since the onset of the pandemic have been important to improve wellness and increase occupant comfort. These include moves recommended by ASHRAE (such as more outside air, better filters), along with air-cleaning technologies that can readily be added to existing systems, such as Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) and Bipolar Ionization (BPI). But what if future tall buildings were designed to better respond to a pandemic from the start? Moving forward, high-performing buildings should be configured with mechanical systems that minimize or eliminate air mixing between floors. They should optimize ventilation effectiveness within the space. In the increasingly connected world, intelligent sensors can provide air quality data that is useful for both operators and occupants. With forward-thinking transparency, the data can be compiled into meaningful metrics and shared with occupants to give them insight into building operations and performance. © 2020, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. All rights reserved.

A Review on IOT Response to COVID-19 Pandemic, Challenges and Open Issues

In the history of humanity, we have never faced an invisible enemy like the COVID-19 pandemic. The medical field has never been overwhelmed so much. Scientists and engineers are working around the clock to develop a suitable vaccine for COVID-19. In order to fight this pandemic technology will need to be utilized to its full potential. A fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technology, called the Internet of things (IOT), is an interconnection of physical devices and the Internet, has been identified to fight the battle against COVID-19. Numerous papers have been written about the Internet of things technology and how the technology can be use in different environments, thereof it is imperative to review how this technology can be utilize in the the response to COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we examined literature on the coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) and IOT technologies that can fight COVID-19 to minimize its spread. Various challenges and open issues related to the used of the technology in the fight of COVID-19 where identified and discussed, such as security and privacy issue, limited spectrum and bandwidth, scalability and interoperability as a threat. This technology can be recommended for use in a pandemic period. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Teaching IoT in the Classroom and Remotely

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is widely seen as revolutionary in manufacturing, large-scale industries and many other aspects of our every-day life, e.g. Smart Homes and Smart Cities. In this paper we describe our learning project focused on IoT. We propose principles and contents for specifically addressing IoT in the computer science education since the beginning of technical studies, allowing students to learn computer science and engineering pillars IoT is built upon. We believe that this kind of approach could motivate students to enthusiastically embrace Information Technology and Computer Science. We implemented our learning project at the high school level, coping with the COVID-19 pandemic period. The technologies used for remote learning in that period are also described, with an emphasis on our virtual lab approach. © 2022, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

A platform for remote building automation training and developing smart devices on energy management and air quality improvement

The building automation control is a crucial factor for improving buildings energy efficiency and management. This paper presents the methodology and describes the necessary technology requirements for developing smart devices and for certifying engineers on building automation remotely. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the remote but effective device development and engineer's certification on building automation, without decreasing the efficiency of both procedures, is of great importance. © 2021 Chamber of Turkish Electrical Engineers.

How COVID-19 Has Affected the Internet of Things (IoT) Technology

COVID-19 has influenced business operations all around the world, with the adoption of technology to sustain business operations and improve survival being on the rise across various sectors. This review was conducted to explore existing literature to uncover the effects that COVID-19 has had on Internet of Things (IoT) technology adoption, innovation, or research. The review was conducted through a search of literature sources detailing the impacts, the IoT technologies and solutions used as a result of the pandemic, and the various technologies and solutions that were invented before the pandemic but found higher demands because of the pandemic. The review reveals that COVID-19 has increased the adoption of IoT technology by more companies across diverse fields including healthcare, smart homes, smart offices, retail, airports, manufacturing, and hospitality. It also reveals that most businesses had plans for the gradual adoption of the IoT technologies that were already in existence before the pandemic but were pushed to procure and implement them as necessity arose. The review finally reveals that there are more IoT research and development efforts as a result of the pandemic. © 2021 IEEE.

IoT Based Smart Home-Health Monitoring System Using Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory for Pandemic Situation

With the advancement of the Internet of Things in our smart environment, smart devices are working without human intervention. So home can be converted to intelligent home automation systems to perform its computation automatically. In a pandemic situation, the majority of people have spent their maximum time at home. So indoor air quality, insider's and outsider's health monitoring has become an important issue. As respiratory diseases are the main concern for pandemics, we have to develop an intelligent home system model to monitor healthy environmental conditions for the users. This paper proposes an energy-efficient smart system model to monitor the health and environmental condition by measuring the carbon monoxide threat level that indirectly affects other atmospheric parameters. Our system alerts when the carbon monoxide level exceeds the safe level. Remote monitoring of the home and health parameters is done in real-time with the help of the system model. For this purpose, we are adopting Dempster-Shafer evidence theory as a mathematical model to aggregate the data coming from different sensors. The sensor nodes track the home and health parameters such as room temperature, humidity, carbon monoxide level, SpO2 level, body temperature, and pulse rate. The smartphone app updates the user's real-time sensor data through the display and indirectly helps to maintain the physical distance. The proposed intelligent home-health system model is compact, cost-effective, energy-efficient for the user, and is especially useful for the quarantined covid affected people in a pandemic situation. © 2022 ACM.

Private Blockchain-Based AI-Envisioned Home Monitoring Framework in IoMT-Enabled COVID-19 Environment

In current situation, Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) becomes a very serious health concern to the human life throughout the world. The Internet of Medical Things(IoMT) allows to deploy several wearable Internet of Things(IoT) enabled smart devices in a patient's body. The deployed smart devices should then securely communicate to nearby mobile devices installed in a smart home, which then securely communicate with the associated Fog server for information processing. The processed information in terms of transactions are formed as blocks and put into a private blockchain consisting of cloud servers. Since the patient's vital signs are very confidential and private, we apply the private blockchain. This article makes utilization of Fog computing and blockchain technology simultaneously to come up with more secure system in an IoMT-enabled COVID-19 situation for patients' home monitoring purpose. We first discuss various phases related to development of a new Fog-based private blockchain-enabled home monitoring framework. Next, we discuss how Artificial Intelligence(AI)-enabled Big data analytics helps in analyzing and tracking the patients' information related to COVID-19 cases. Finally, a blockchain implementation has been performed to exhibit practical demonstration of the proposed blockchain system. IEEE